Lingonberry phenolics had no significant effect on IL-1β production but inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α production at a concentration of 100 μg/mL similarly to cranberry phenolic extract. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL cranberry phenolic extract inhibited LPS-induced IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α production.
Cranberry phenolic extract inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner, but it had no major effect on iNOS of COX-2 expression. Polymeric fraction of cranberries and oligomeric fractions of both lingonberries and cranberries showed an inhibitory effect on hemagglutination of E. Typhimurium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Escherichia coli.
Polymeric proanthocyanidin extracts of lingonberries and cranberries were strongly antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas they had no effect on other bacterial strains such as Salmonella enterica sv. Inhibitions of lipid oxidation in liposomes were over 70% and in emulsions over 85%, and in most cases the oligomeric or polymeric fraction was the most effective. Catechin, epicatechin, A-type dimers and trimers were found to be the terminal units of isolated proanthocyanidin fractions. In the present study, proanthocyanidins were divided into three groups: dimers and trimers, oligomers (mDP 4-10), and polymers (mDP > 10). Proanthocyanidins are polymeric phenolic compounds consisting mainly of catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin units. The main phenolic compounds in both lingonberries and cranberries were proanthocyanidins comprising 63-71% of the total phenolic content, but anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and flavonols were also found. Kylli, Petri Nohynek, Liisa Puupponen-Pimiä, Riitta Westerlund-Wikström, Benita Leppänen, Tiina Welling, Jukka Moilanen, Eeva Heinonen, MarinaĮuropean, small-fruited cranberries ( Vaccinium microcarpon) and lingonberries ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea) were characterized for their phenolic compounds and tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiadhesive, and antiinflammatory effects. All of these berries play a key role in each of these habitats.Lingonberry ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and European cranberry ( Vaccinium microcarpon) proanthocyanidins: isolation, identification, and bioactivities. Two other autumn berries, crowberry and cloudberry are also found locally, but are much rarer.
We have three species in Shropshire, some relatively rare but findable on our Stiperstones nature reserves. The moorlands and peatbogs of Shropshire provide other types of berries from the Vaccinium family. Rowan berries grow in large bunches and fall off the branches when they get too heavy, creating a natural buffet on the ground for badgers, foxes, voles and even pine martens. But an array of mammal species take advantage of the berry explosion too. Blackbirds and thrushes eat hundreds of these berries during autumn and can be seen picking them in hedgerows and trees. They are very hard berries to digest when eaten straight from the tree, but that doesn't make them any less valuable as a food source to wildlife. There are berries such as rowan and hawthorn, which are inedible to humans when raw, but they can be made edible by roasting and boiling. There are many well known berries which are commonly collected by humans, blackberries being a prime example and easily recognisable. They play an essential role in the life of an ecosystem, attracting insects and birds which in turn spread the plants seeds and generate new growth. As summer turns to autumn, berries are brightening up hedgerows and landscapes across Shropshire, providing food for people and wildlife.
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